Factores asociados a la consulta odontológica en niños/as y jóvenes de Talca (Chile) e inmigrantes chilenos de Montreal (Canadá) / Factors associated with dental consultation in children in Talca (Chile) and in Chilean immigrants in Montreal (Canada)

Objetivo: Determinar los factores que influyen en la consulta al odontólogo de los/las niños/as de 4 a 7 años y los/las jóvenes de 10-13 años de edad residentes de la ciudad de Talca (Chile) y los/las niños/as y los/las jóvenes inmigrantes chilenos residentes en la ciudad de Montreal (Canadá). Métodos: Estudio transversal no probabilístico, con 147 niños/as en Talca y 94 en Montreal. Entre 2009 y 2011 se midieron variables sociodemográficas, nivel de estudios, percepción de la salud de los/las hijos/as, sexo y edad de los/las niños/as, composición familiar y cercanía al centro de salud. Se hizo análisis exploratorio bivariado con test exacto de Fisher. Para buscar las variables asociadas a la consulta odontológica se utilizó la regresión de Cox robusta con tiempo constante con nivel de significación de 0,05. Resultados: En Talca las variables asociadas a la consulta odontológica de dos o más veces al año fueron el nivel de estudios del/de la tutor/a y su percepción sobre la salud del/de la hijo/a, teniendo los/las niños/as con tutores/as con estudios universitarios 2,20 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1,30-3,73) veces más posibilidades de consultar al dentista y los/las tutores/as con percepción positiva consultan 53% menos al dentista (odds ratio: 0,47; IC95%: 0,28-0,77). En Montreal, los/las niños/as con tutores/as con estudios universitarios tenían 2,10 veces más posibilidades (IC95%: 1,17-3,76) de consultar al dentista y 2,11 veces más posibilidades de consultar si tenían entre 10 y 13 años de edad (IC95%: 1,15-3,88). Conclusiones: El nivel de estudios del/de la tutor/a se asoció con las visitas al dentista en ambas muestras, siendo los/las niños/as con tutores/as de mayor nivel de estudios quienes más consultan (AU)

Objective: To identify the factors that influence the use of dental services in 4-7-year-olds and in 10-13-year-olds resident in the cities of Talca (Chile) and Montreal (Canada). Methods: A nonprobabilistic cross-sectional study was carried out in 147 boys and girls in Talca and in 94 boys and girls in Montreal between 2009 and 2011. Sociodemographic variables were recorded in parents and children, including age and sex. Data were also gathered on parental education, family composition, and proximity to health centers within neighborhoods. The data were analyzed with Fisher's exact test and the robust Cox regression model (with constant time) with a significance level of 0,05. Results: In Talca, parental education was significantly associated with dental care visits at least twice a year. The children of parents with university education were 2.20 times more likely to consult a dentist (95% CI: 1.30-3.73). Children whose parents perceived their children's health positively were 53% (OR = 0,47; 95% CI: 0,28-0,77) less likely to consult a dentist. In Montreal, the children of parents with university education were 2.10 times more likely to consult a dentist (95%CI: 1.17-3.76), while older children (10-13 years) were 2.11 (95% CI: 1.15-3.88) times more likely to consult a dentist. Conclusions: In both cities, parental education level was associated with the use of dental services (AU)

[Factors associated with dental consultation in children in Talca (Chile) and in Chilean immigrants in Montreal (Canada)]. / Factores asociados a la consulta odontológica en niños/as y jóvenes de Talca (Chile) e inmigrantes chilenos de Montreal, (Canadá).

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors that influence the use of dental services in 4-7-year-olds and in 10-13-year-olds resident in the cities of Talca (Chile) and Montreal (Canada). METHODS: A nonprobabilistic cross-sectional study was carried out in 147 boys and girls in Talca and in 94 boys and girls in Montreal between 2009 and 2011. Sociodemographic variables were recorded in parents and children, including age and sex. Data were also gathered on parental education, family composition, and proximity to health centers within neighborhoods. The data were analyzed with Fisher's exact test and the robust Cox regression model (with constant time) with a significance level of 0,05. RESULTS: In Talca, parental education was significantly associated with dental care visits at least twice a year. The children of parents with university education were 2.20 times more likely to consult a dentist (95% CI: 1.30-3.73). Children whose parents perceived their children's health positively were 53% (OR = 0,47; 95% CI: 0,28-0,77) less likely to consult a dentist. In Montreal, the children of parents with university education were 2.10 times more likely to consult a dentist (95%CI: 1.17-3.76), while older children (10-13 years) were 2.11 (95% CI: 1.15-3.88) times more likely to consult a dentist. CONCLUSIONS: In both cities, parental education level was associated with the use of dental services.

Perceived ethnic discrimination and social exclusion: newcomer immigrant children in Canada.

This article examines relationships between perceived ethnic discrimination, social exclusion, psychosocial functioning, and academic performance among newcomer immigrant children from the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, and the Philippines using a subsample from the New Canadian Children and Youth Study of children aged 11-13 years (1,053) living in Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, and the Prairies. Bivariate analysis showed that 25% of children reported being treated unfairly by peers and 14% by teachers because of who they are. Regression analyses revealed that perceived ethnic discrimination by peers and teachers was negatively related to children's sense of social competence in peer relationships. Children's self-esteem and sense of academic competence were negatively related to perceived discrimination by teachers. One in 5 children reported feeling like an outsider, with boys revealing higher levels of psychological isolation than girls. More than 1 in 10 were socially isolated and reported never participating in organized activities. This may reflect economic exclusion, as over one third of respondents belonged to families living below the Canadian Income Adequacy Measure. Psychological isolation, social isolation, and economic exclusion were significant predictors of children's sense of academic competence and actual academic grades. Variations exist across age, sex, ethnicity, family structure, parental education, region of settlement, and length of time since arrival in Canada.

Improving qualitative interviews with newly arrived migrant women.

There is a paucity of literature on how to conduct research with migrants, particularly those who do not speak the host country language, those who are newly arrived, and those who have a precarious immigration status. In qualitative research, interviewing is a common method for obtaining rich data and participants' points of view. Gathering and presenting all perspectives when interviewing vulnerable migrant women on health-seeking behaviors is challenging. In this article, we explore the process of developing and implementing a data collection plan and an interview guide for a study carried out with migrant women to explore the inhibitors/facilitators for following through on professional referrals for postbirth care. Adaptability and careful attention to multiple factors throughout the process are essential to maximizing participation and enhancing the trustworthiness of the data. Appropriate health policy and care delivery can only originate from health research with diverse migrant populations.

Predictors of emotional problems and physical aggression among children of Hong Kong Chinese, Mainland Chinese and Filipino immigrants to Canada.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Data from the New Canadian Children and Youth Study (NCCYS), a national study of immigrant children and youth in Canada, are used to examine the mental health salience of putatively universal determinants, as well as of immigration-specific factors. Universal factors (UF) include age, gender, family and neighbourhood characteristics. Migration-specific (MS) factors include ethnic background, acculturative stress, prejudice, and the impact of region of resettlement within Canada. METHODS: In a sample of children from Hong Kong, the Philippines and Mainland China, the study examined the determinants of emotional problems (EP), and physical aggression (PA). A two-step regression analysis entered UF on step 1, and MS variables on step 2. RESULTS: Universal factors accounted for 12.1% of EP variance. Addition of MS variables increased explained variance to 15.6%. Significant UF predictors: parental depression, family dysfunction, and parent's education. Significant MS variables: country of origin, region of resettlement, resettlement stress, prejudice, and limited linguistic fluency. UF accounted for 6.3% of variance in PA scores. Adding migration-specific variables increased variance explained to 9.1%. UF: age, gender, parent's depression, family dysfunction. MS: country of origin, region of resettlement, resettlement stress, and parent's perception of prejudice. CONCLUSIONS: Net of the effect of factors affecting the mental health of most, if not all children, migration-specific variables contribute to understanding immigrant children's mental health.

South Asian migrant women and HIV/STIs: knowledge, attitudes and practices and the role of sexual power.

Differences in relationship power dynamics or migration factors may affect knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in resettling Migrant women. A sample of 122 women and men born in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan or Bangladesh and residing in Montreal completed questionnaires on HIV/STI KAP and decision-making power Within sexual relationships. Knowledge gaps and stigmatizing attitudes were found. STI/HIV information available in one's language and other educational strategies that consider women's Power may improve KAP among South Asian migrant women.

Refugee and refugee-claimant women and infants post-birth: migration histories as a predictor of Canadian health system response to needs.

BACKGROUND: Minority women from conflict-laden areas with limited host-country knowledge are among the most vulnerable migrants. Their risk status and that of their infants is magnified during pregnancy, birth, and post-birth. We conducted a study to determine whether women's postnatal health concerns were addressed by the Canadian health system differentially based on migration status (refugee, refugee-claimant, immigrant, and Canadian-born) or city of residence. METHODS: Women speaking any of 13 languages were recruited (with their infants) from postpartum units in the main Canadian receiving cities for newcomers (Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver; total n = 341 pairs from 10 hospitals) and followed at home after birth. Our primary interest was 'unaddressed concerns'; nurse-identified health concerns based on standards of postpartum care for the woman/infant at 7-10 days post-birth, for which no professional attention had been given or planned. RESULTS: A difference in unaddressed concerns by migration status was not found in our primary model [OR refugees vs. Canadian-born = 1.40 (95% CI: 0.67-2.93); refugee-claimants, 1.20 (0.61-2.34); immigrants, 1.02 (0.56-1.85)] although differences by city of residence remained after controlling for migration status, income, education, maternal region of birth, language ability, referral status, and type of birth [Toronto vs. Vancouver OR = 3.63 (95% CI: 2.00-6.57); Montreal, 1.88 (1.15-3.09)]. The odds of unaddressed concerns were greater in all migrant groups [OR refugees vs. Canadian-born = 2.42 (95% CI: 1.51-3.87); refugee-claimants, 1.64 (1.07-2.49); immigrants, 1.54 (1.00-2.36)] when analyses excluded variables which may be on the causal pathway. INTERPRETATION: Women and their newborn infants living in Toronto or Montreal may require additional support in having their health and social concerns addressed. The definitive effect of migrant group needs confirmation in larger studies.

Intersection of Canadian policy parameters affecting women with precarious immigration status: a baseline for understanding barriers to health.

Canadian federal policy provides a framework for the immigration and health experiences of immigrant women. The official immigration category under which a migrant is admitted determines to what degree her right to remain in the country (immigration status) is precarious. Women immigrants fall primarily into the more dependent categories and they experience barriers to access to health services arising from this precarious status. Federal immigration and health policies create direct barriers to health through regulation of immigrants' access to services as well as unintended secondary barriers. These direct and secondary policy barriers intersect with each other and with socio-cultural barriers arising from the migrant's socioeconomic and ethno-cultural background to undermine equitable access to health for immigrant women living in Canada.

Predictors of maternal support: the point of view of adolescent victims of sexual abuse and their mothers.

Maternal support received by sexual abuse victims is considered a key factor in coping with the aftermath of abuse. The present study looked at four groups of potential predictors of maternal support: mothers' psychosocial characteristics, abuse characteristics, victim's characteristics, and disclosure characteristics. A total of 120 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years and their mothers, who were recruited from Child Protective Services, completed questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Multiple regression analyses performed separately on mother and child data sets revealed five significant predictors of maternal support in each analysis, four of which were common to both. The discussion underscores the importance of taking into account both the mother's and the victim's perceptions regarding psychological adjustment and family environment.